Pediatr Diabetes. 2025 Nov 17;2025:3188571. doi: 10.1155/pedi/3188571. eCollection 2025.
ABSTRACT
AIMS: Acidosis at type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) onset results from unregulated massive overproduction of ketoacids. However, renal tubular damage (RTD), a complication of T1DM onset, may impair bicarbonate reabsorption, exacerbating acidosis. We aimed to assess RTD role in acidosis at T1DM onset.
METHODS: RTD was defined by urinary β2-microglobulin > 0.33 mg/L and/or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) > 95th percentile for age. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was classified using Kidney Disease/Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Participants were grouped by serum ketone levels (cut-off: 3 mmol/L, above which indicates diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA]) and bicarbonate levels (cut-off: 22 mmol/L, below which indicates acidosis):- Group 1: Ketones ≥ 3 mmol/L, bicarbonate < 22 mmol/L.- Group 2: Ketones < 3 mmol/L, bicarbonate < 22 mmol/L.- Group 3: Ketones ≥ 3 mmol/L, bicarbonate ≥ 22 mmol/L.- Group 4: Ketones < 3 mmol/L, bicarbonate ≥ 22 mmol/L.
RESULTS: Of 185 individuals, 111 (60%) were in Group 1, 18 (9.7%) in Group 2, 8 (4.3%) in Group 3, and 48 (26%) in Group 4. Group 1 had the most severe clinical and biochemical derangements, followed by Groups 2, 3, and 4. Logistic regression, adjusted for AKI, relative difference of weight loss and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), identified RTD (odds ratio [OR] = 22.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.9-71.5; p < 0.001), and relative difference of weight loss, (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1-1.4; p < 0.006), as significant factors associated with Group 1 and only RTD (OR = 29.9; 95% CI: 3.0-292.9; p=0.004) as significant factor associated with Group 2. Serum bicarbonate and blood pH showed an inverse correlation with urinary NGAL (r 2 = 0.61 and 0.56, respectively, both p < 0.001) and β2-microglobulin (r 2 = 0.67 and 0.59, respectively, both p < 0.001), regardless of ketone levels. The ketone-to-bicarbonate ratio predicted RTD (area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC) = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91-0.97; p < 0.001), while serum bicarbonate levels predicted normal renal tubular function (AUROC = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.98; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: A link exists between biological markers of RTD and metabolic acidosis at T1DM onset.
PMID:41293549 | PMC:PMC12643667 | DOI:10.1155/pedi/3188571